Adjective Clause

Adjective Clause dinamakan juga RELATIVE CLAUSE yaitu Clause (anak kalimat) yang digunakan/berfungsi sebagai adjective yang menerangkan keadaan noun atau pronoun. Untuk lebih jelasnya penjelasan mengenai Adjective Clause, perhatikan penjelasan di bawah ini:

Contoh:

• I have read the book (that) you just mentioned.
  
  Main Clause: I have read the book.
  Subordinate Clause: (that) you just mentioned.

Anak kalimat menerangkan kata benda the book, disebut dengan Adjective Clause

• The lesson (that) she is learning is very difficult.
  
  Main Clause: The lesson is very difficult.
  Subordinate Clause: (that) she is learning.

Berdasarkan pada the Antecedent yang ditunjuk oleh introductory words (kata-kata pendahulunya), Adjective Clause dapat diklasifikasikan menjadi 2 macam, yaitu:

1. Relative Pronoun

• Kata Ganti Orang
  Kata Penghubung yang digunakan adalah : Who, Whom, Whose, That
  
  Fungsi :
  
  a. Subjek:
  
  - He paid the money to the man who / that had done the work
  
  b. Objek Kata Kerja:
  
  - He paid the man whom/that he had hired.
  
  c. Objek Kata Depan:
  
  - He paid the man from whom he had borrowed the money.
  
  d. Kata Ganti Kepunyaan:
  
  - This is the girl whose picture you saw.

• Benda, Binatang
  
  Kata Penghubung yang digunakan adalah: Which, that
  
  Fungsi:
  
  a. Subjek:
  
  - Here is a book which/that describes animals.
  
  b. Objek Kata Kerja:
  
  - The chair which/that he broke is being repaired.
  
  c. Objek Kata Depan:
  
  - She was wearing the coat for which she had paid $2,00.

2. Relative Adverbs

• Waktu
  
  Kata Penghubung yang digunakan: when
  
  - This is the year when the Olympic Games are held.

• Tempat
  
  Kata Penghubung yang digunakan: where
  
  - Here is the house where I live.

• Alasan
  
  Kata Penghubung yang digunakan: when
  
  - Give me one good reason why you did that.
  

_________________________

1. Relative Pronoun

Yaitu Adjective Clause dengan memakai kata penghubung Relative Pronoun.

• The boy is called Bob. He gave me a present.
  • The boy who gave me a present is called Bob. atau
  • The boy who is called Bob gave me a present.

Beberapa contoh Adjective Clause lainnya:

• The boy whose radio was stolen is a student.
• The girl whom I gave a special reward is a bright student.
• The bike which I borrowed last week was sold.

2. Relative Adverb

Pelajaran tentang ini dibahas lebih lengkap pada Relative Clause. Hal-hal yang perlu ditambahkan di sini, yaitu:

• Kata Why (yang menunjukkan alasan) yang menjadi Adverb penghubung, mungkin (kadang-kadang) dapat digantikan dengan that atau kadang-kadang dapat dihilangkan dalam kalimat.
  
  - The reason (that) I came should be obvious to you.
  - The reason (why) I came should be obvious to you.
  - The reason I came should be obvious to you.

• When atau Where Bering dapat Baling ditukarkan dengan Preposition yang menunjukkan tempat (a preposition of Place) ditambah dengan Which.
  
  - The small town in which (= where) I was born has grown to a large metropolis.
  - The day on which (= when) they were to leave finally arrived.

Kadang-kadang that dapat menggantikan where atau when.

• The day that (or when, on which) the trial was to take place was a stormy one.
• Please suggest a good place that (or where) we can meet

Beberapa Hal Penting yang Berkaitan dengan Adjective Clause

• Perubahan dari Adjective Clause menjadi Adjective Phrase.
  
  • Adjective Clause dapat dirubah menjadi Adjective Phrase yang menjelaskan noun tanpa ada perubahan arti kalimat.
  • Hanya Adjective Clause yang mempunyai subjek pronoun: who, which atau that yang dapat dirubah menjadi Adjective Phrase.
  • Adjective Clause dengan subjek: whom tidak dapat dirubah menjadi Adjective Phrase.
    
    Perhatikan Contoh berikut:
    
    a. Adjective Clause
    
    * The girl who is sitting next to me is Lisa.
    ==> The boy is playing the piano is Bent.
    
    b. Adjective Phrase
    
    * The girl sitting next to me is Lisa.
    ==> The boy playing the piano is Bent.

• Cara mengubah Adjective Clause menjadi Adjective Phrase.
  
  (1) Subjek pronoun dan verb be dihilangkan.
  
  * Adjective Clause: The man who is talking to Taylor is from Japan.
  * Adjective Phrase: The man talking to Taylor is from Japan.
  
  * Adjective Clause: The ideas which are presented in that book are interesting.
  * Adjective Phrase: The ideas presented in that book are interesting.
  
  * Adjective Clause: Ali is the man who is responsible for preparing the budget.
  * Adjective Phrase: Ali is the man responsible for preparing the budget.
  
  * Adjective Clause: The books that are on the shelf are mine.
  * Adjective Phrase: The books on the shelf are mine.
  
  (2) Jika tidak ada verb be dalam Adjective Clause, seringkali subjek pronoun dapat dihilangkan dan mengubah kata kerja dalam Clause itu menjadi bentuk -ing.
  
  * Adjective Clause: English has an alphabet that consists of 26 letters.
  * Adjective Phrase: English has an alphabet  consisting of 26 letters.
  
  * Adjective Clause: Anyone who wants to come with us is welcome.
  * Adjective Phrase: Anyone wanting to come with us is welcome.

• Seringkali Adjective Clause digunakan dalam pola: noun + of which. Pola ini terutama digunakan untuk tulisan bahasa Inggris resmi (formal written English). Dalam pola ini biasanya Adjective Clause menerangkan "sesuatu".
  
  * We have an antique table. The top of it has jade inlay.
  • We have an antique table, the top of which has jade inlay.
  • We toured a 300-year-old house. The exterior of the house consisted of logs cemented with clay.
  • We toured a 300-year-old house, the exterior of which consisted of logs cemented with lay.

• Adjective Clause sering digunakan untuk mengungkapkan kuantitas dengan of. Ungkapan kuantitas mendahului pronoun, dan hanya whom, which, dan whose yang digunakan dalam pola ini.
  
  Ungkapan kuantitas dengan "of" antara lain: some of, none of, both of, one of, many of, two of, all of, each of, most of, dll.
  
  * There are 20 students in my class. Most of them are from the Outside Java.
  --> There are 20 students in my class, most of whom are from the Outside Java.
  
  * He gave several reasons. Only a few of them were valid.
  --> He gave several reasons, only a few of which were valid.

• Tanda Baca pada Adjective Clauses
  
  Pedoman umum dalam Tanda Baca pada Adjective Clauses yaitu:
  
  • Jangan menggunakan tanda koma bila Adjective Clause diperlukan untuk mengidentifikasi noun yang dijelaskan olehnya.
  • Gunakanlah tanda koma bila Adjective Clause hanya berfungsi untuk memberi informasi tambahan dan tidak dimaksudkan untuk mengidentifikasi noun yang dijelaskan olehnya.
    • Henry whose wife works at a bank came to my house yesterday.
    • Alex, whose wife works at a bank, came to my house yesterday.
  
  Keterangan:
  
  Contoh pertama menggambarkan bahwa Henry memiliki lebih dari 1 istri. Pada kalimat tersebut pembicara ingin mengindentifikasikan istrinya yang bekerja di Bank, bukan yang lainnya.
  
  Sedangkan pada kalimat kedua, kita sudah jelas, kalau Alex memiliki hanya 1 orang istri. Frase yang berada di antara koma hanya memberikan keterangan tambahan saja. Tanpa frase tersebut pun orang lain sudah mengetahuinya kalau istrinya Alex memang bekerja di sebuah Bank karena memang istrinya cuma 1 itu.
  
  Perhatikan contoh berikut ini untuk lebih jelasnya dalam penggunaan tanda koma dalam Adjective Clause.
  
  • Soekarno, who is the first President of Republic of Indonesia, could deliver speech well.

Perbedaan antara Adjective Clause dan Noun Clause

Karena adanya kesamaan dalam beberapa kata pendahulunya, maka kadang-kadang antara Noun Clause dan Adjective Clause sering membingungkan.

Ada 2 macam perbedaan yang penting antara dua jenis Clause tersebut: perhatikan contoh berikut ini:

• Adjective Clause biasanya didahului oleh noun atau pronoun yang diterangkan.
  
  Adjective Clause
  
  • I know the house where he lives.
  (where he lives mempunyai antecedent the house, yang merupakan objek dari kata know)
  
  Noun Clause
  
  • I know where he lives.
  (where he lives adalah objek dari kata know)

Preposisi yang mendahului introductory word adalah milik Adjective Clause dan bukan milik Noun Clause.

Adjective Clause

• The woman to whom he has been giving money is a poor relative of his.

(Adjective Clause dimulai dengan to yang merupakan bentuk a prepositional phrase dengan whom dalam Adjective Clause itu. Dan To dapat diletakkan di bagian belakang Adjective Clause. The woman, whom he has been giving money to, is a poor relative of his).

Noun Clause

• He gives money to whoever needs it.

(The Noun Clause dimulai dengan whoever, seluruh Noun Clause itu adalah objek dari to, yang tidak dapat dipindah letaknya. Dan juga -ever- merupakan bentuk yang hanya bergandeng (mengikuti) dengan Noun Clause. 

Latihan
1. the man talked all the time. I sat next to him on the plane.
2. A man answered the phone. He told me you were out.
The man ......
3. A waitress served us. she was very impolite and impatient.
The .....
4. Some boys were arrested. They have now been released.
The boys .....
5. We saw some people. Their car had broken down.
We saw some people ... car had broken down.

Solusi
1. I met a man ... is kind to everybody.
2. The woman ... I called gave me some information.
3. I know the man ... bike is lost.
4. I'll show you the ring ... he gave to me.
5. The man with ... you came to the party is my father.

Untuk memecahkan soal seperti di atas, dapat digunakan trik sebagai berikut:
1. Jika kata sebelum titik-titik adalah menunjukkan manusia, dan setelah titik-titik adalah kata kerja atau kata kerja bantu seperti to be atau modals, atau auxilliary 'do'  (is, isn't, do, don't, will, won't, can, can't, was, wasn't, dll), maka isi titik-titik adalah who.

2. Jika kata sebelum titik-titik adalah menunjukkan manusia, atau manusia diikuti oleh kata depan seperti with, to, by, from, dll dan setelah titik-titik adalah subjek (kata benda, nama orang, atau kata ganti: I, you, we she, he, it, Abdel, Temon, dll), maka isi titik-titik adalah whom.

3. Jika kata sebelum titik-titik adalah menunjukkan orang, atau hewan, dan kata setelah titik-titik adalah kata benda, maka isi titik-titik tersebut adalah whose.

4. Jika kata sebelum titik-titik adalah kata benda yang menunjukkan bukan manusia, maka isi titik-titik adalah which.

Dengan demikian jawaban untuk soal-soal di atas adalah: 1. who,  2. whom, 3. whose, dan  4. which,  5. whom

sumber : http://grammarboxx.blogspot.com/2011/11/adjective-clause.html

Noun Clause

Pengertian Noun Clause

• Noun Clause adalah dependent clause yang berfungsi sebagai noun (kata benda).
• Klausa kata benda ini dapat berfungsi sebagai subject maupun object didalam suatu clause atau phrase lain.
• Karena berfungsi sebagai kata benda, maka dapat digantikan dengan pronoun “it“.

Contoh:

• I forgot the fact. (noun)
• I forgot it. (pronoun)
• I forgot that the fact was very important. (noun clause)

Rumus Noun Clause

Noun clause dapat diawali oleh noun clause markers berupa question word, if atau whether, dan that. Adapun contoh noun clause pada clause lain beserta detail marker-nya dapat dilihat pada tabel sebagai berikut.

Marker	Detail	Contoh Noun Clause dalam Kalimat
Question Word	Question word: what(ever), what (time, kind, day, etc), who(ever), whose, whom(ever), which(ever), where(ever), when(ever), how (long, far, many times, old, etc)	The class listened carefully what the teacher instructed. (Seluruh kelas mendengarkan dengan teliti apa yang guru instruksikan.)
		The kitten followed wherever the woman went. (Anak kucing mengikuti kemanapun wanita itu pergi.)
		Many people imagine how many time the man was failed before success. (Banyak orang membayangkan berapa kali pria itu gagal sebelum sukses.)
if atau whether	biasanya digunakan untuk kalimat jawaban dari pertanyaan yes-no question	Where does Leo live? (Dimana leo tinggal?)I wonder if he lives in West Jakarta. (Saya pikir dia tinggal di Jakarta Barat.)
		Is Leo live on Dewi Sartika Street? (Apakah Leo tinggal di jalan Dewi Sartika?)I don’t know if he live on Dewi Sartika Street or not. atau I don’t know whether or not he lives on Dewi Sartika street. (Saya tidak tahu jika dia tinggal di jalan Sartika atau tidak.)
that	biasanya that-clause untuk mental activity. Berikut daftar verb pada main clause yang biasanya diikuti that-clause:assume, believe, discover, dream, guess, hear, hope, know, learn, notice, predict, prove, realize, suppose, suspect, think	I think that the group will arrive in an hour. (Saya pikir rombongan itu akan tiba dalam satu jam.)
		Many people proved that the man was a big liar. (Banyak orang membuktikan bahwa pria itu pembohong besar.)

Fungsi Noun Clause

Berikut adalah contoh kalimat dari setiap fungsi noun clause.

Fungsi	Contoh Noun Clause dalam Kalimat
Subject of a Verb	What she cooked was delicious.
	That today is his birthday is not right.
Subject complement	The fact is that she is smart and dilligent.
	A teacher must be whoever is patient.
Object of a Verb	Diana believes that her life will be happier.
	I want to know how Einstein thought.
Object of a preposition	The girl comes from where many people there live in poverty.
	He will attend the party with whichever fits to his body.

• Adjective clause adalah dependent clause yang berfungsi sebagai adjective dan menjelaskan tentang noun atau pronoun pada suatu complex sentence (kalimat yang terdiri dari independent clause dan satu atau lebih dependent clause).
• Posisi adjective clause selalu mengikuti noun atau pronoun yang diterangkannya. Di dalam kalimat, noun atau pronoun itu berfungsi sebagai subject atau object.
• Adjective clause dimulai dengan suatu kata yang disebut relative pronoun (who, whom, etc) yang berfungsi menjembatani hubungan dengan noun atau pronoun yang diterangkan.

Tenses Dalam Bahasa Inggris

Pengertian Tenses

Tenses adalah bentuk kata kerja dalam bahasa Inggris untuk menunjukkan waktu (sekarang, masa depan, atau masa lalu) terjadinya suatu perbuatan atau peristiwa.

Tenses yang dipergunakan dalam bahasa Inggris itu jumlahnya ada 16 waktu, yang lebih dikenal dengan sebutan “16 tenses “. Maka lebih jelasnya perhatikan bentuk-bentuk waktu berikut:

1.PRESENT TENSES
*Rumus:
1) Positif (+) = S+V1(es/s)+O
2) Negatif (-) = S+Do/does+Not+V1+O
3) Introgatif(?) =Do/does+S+V1+O
*Example:
1. (+) He writes a letter every month
    (-) He doesn’t writes a letter every month
    (?) Dors he writes a letter every month?
2. (+) She teaches English every week
    (- ) She doesn’t teaches English every week
    (?) Does she teaches English every week?
3.(+) They studys matematic every day
   (- ) They don’t studys matematic every day
   (?) Do they studys matematic every day?
4.(+) She works in the office every Monday to Saturday
   (- ) She doesn’t works in the office every Monday to Saturday
   (?) Does she works in the office every Monday to Saturday?
5.(+) They go to Jakarta every years
   (- ) They don’t go to Jakarta every years
   (? ) Do they go to Jakarta every years?
B.FUNGSI PRESENT TENSES
A. Dilakukan untuk melakukan perbuatan kebiasaan:
Ex:(+) He is works every day
     (-) He is not works every day
     (?) Is he works every day?
B. Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kebenaran umum:
Ex:(+) A week has seven day
     (-) A week has not seven day
     (?) Has a week seven day?
C. Time Signal
1. Usually
Ex: I usually get up at 5 o’clock
2. Always
Ex: I always drink milk
3. Often
Ex: I often goes to my grand mother house
4. Generally
Ex: A rectangular has four corner
5. Seldom
Ex: She seldom goes to school by car
2.PRESENT CONTINOUS TENSES
*Rumus:
1. Positif : S+V.ing+O
2. Negatif : S+do/does+not+V1+O
3. Introgatif : Do/does +S+V1+O
*Example:
1. (+) I am teaching English at the first grade of SMK 2 MEI
    (-) I am not teaching English at the first grade of SMK 2 MEI
    (?) Am I teaching Englidh at the first grade of SMK 2 MEI?
2. (+) you are writing present continous now
    (-) you are not writing present continous now
    (?) are you writing present continous now?
3. (+) we are learning tenses now
    (-) we are not learning tenses now
    (?) are we learning tenses now?
4. (+) I am going to school now
    (-) I am not going to school now
    (?) Am I going to school now?
5. (+) Daus and Anis are running now
    (-) Daus and Anis are not running now
    (?) are Daus and Anis running now?

B. FUNGSI PRESENT CONTINOUS TENSE
a. Digunakan untuk menyatakan perbuatan yang sedang terjadi
Ex: (+) I am going to Jakarta Now
      (-) I am not going to Jakarta now
      (?) Am I going to Jakarta now?
b. Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang bersifat sementara
Ex: (+) Chindy is writing now but he will explain soon
      (-) Chindy is not writing now but he will explain soon
      (?) Is Chindy writing now but he will explain soon?

c. Time Signal
1. Today
Ex : Iam today teaching English
2. Right now
Ex : Rini is working right now
3. When
Ex : Rina is coming hear when I go to park
4. Now
Ex : Roy is going to Bandung now
5. Still
Ex : He is still angry to me

3.PAST TENSES
*Rumus:
1. Positif (+) : S+V2+O
Negatif (-) : S+Did not+V2+O
Introgatif (?): Did+S+V2+O

*Example:
1. (+) Sarah invite me last week
    (-) Sarah did not invite last week
    (?) Did Sarah invite last week?
2. (+) I went to Jakarta yesterday
    (-) I went not to Jakarta yesterday
    (?) went I to Jakarta yesterday?
3. (+) You watch tv last week
    (-) You did not watch tv last week
    (?) Did you watch tv last week?
 4. (+) I wrote letter to her last week
     (-) I wrote not letter her last week
     (?) Wrotw I letter her last week?
5. (+) It rain since at five o’clock
    (-) It did not rain since at five o’clock
    (?) Did it rain since at five o’clock?

B. FUNGSI PENGGUNAAN PAST TENSES
Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian yang dimulai dan kejadian ituberakhir , pada masa yang lampau. Dan sampai sekarang ini , sudah tidak ada hubungannya lagi. Kejadian yang lampau itu, baik dilakukan secara berkali-kali atau sekali.
Ex: (+) I went yesterday
      (-) I did not went yesterday
      (?) Did I went yesterday?

C. TIME SIGNAL
1. Last Year
Ex: I went to Yogjakarta last year
2. Yesterday
Ex: Dini went to my home yesterday
3. Last Week
Ex: I fineshed my worked lasr week
4. Ago
Ex: She taught English three days ago
5. Last Saturday
Ex: I went to here last Saturday

4.PAST CONTINOUS TENSES
*Rumus:
1. Positif (+): S+was/were+vVing+O
2. Negatif (-): S+was/were+not+v.ing+o
3. introgatif (?): was/were+S+v.ing+o

*Examp;e:
1. (+)The third year student were sitting behind the teacher’s now yesterday
    (-) The third year student were not sitting behind the teacher’s now yesrterday
    (?) Were the third year student sitting behind the teacher’s now yesterday?
2. (+) He was playing football yesterday
    (-) He was not playing football yesterday
    (?) was he playing football yesterday?
3. (+) They were working in the office yesterday
    (-) They were not working in the office yesterday
    (?) Were they working in the office yesterday?
4. (+) Tuti was reading a novel when I come yesterday
    (-) Tuti was not reading a novel when I come yesterday
    (?) was Tuti reading a novel when I come yesterday?
5. (+) They were studying Biologi at ten O’clock last Friday
    (-) They were not studying Biologi at ten o’clock last Friday
    (?) were they studying Biologi at temn o’clock last Friday?

B. FUNGSI PENGGUNAAN PAST CONTINOUS TENSES
a. Digunakan untuk menyatakan dua kejadian yang sedang berlangsungdalam waktu yang bersamaan di masa yang lampau.
Ex: (+) I was going to garden when it began to rain
(-) I was not going to garden when it began to rain
(?) Was I going to garden when it gegan to rain?
b. Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang sedang berlangsung pada masa yang lampau.
Ex: (+) at three o’clock last week, She was reading
(-) at three o’clock last week,She was not reading
(?) at three o’clock last week,was she reading?
c. Bentuk ini, juga digunakan untuk menyatakan dua kejadian yang bersamaan waktu dan berlangsung lama pada masa yang lampau.
Ex: (+) I was reading a book, while Ani writing a letter
(-) I was not reading a book,while Ani writing a letter
(?) Was I reading a book,while Ani writing a letter?

C. TIME SIGNAL
1. Last Week
Ex: at seven o’clock last week
2. Yesterday
Ex: all day yesterday

5.SIMPLE FUTURE TENSES
*Rumus:
1. Positif (+): S+shall+/will+V1+O
2. Negatif(-): S+shall/will+not+V1+O
3. Introgatif (?): Shall/will+S+V1+O

*Example:
1. (+) He will go to Pasir Panjang tomorrow morning
(-) He will not go to Pasir Panjang tomorrow morning
(?) Will he go to pasir Panjang tomorrow morning?
2. (+) I shall study hard next mounth
(-) I shall not study hard next mounth
(?) Shall I study hard next mounth?
3. (+) I am go to Singkawang tomorrow
(-) I am not go to Singkawang tomorrow
(?) Am I ga to Sngkawang tomorrow?
4. (+) She will write this lesson next week
(-) She will not write this lesson next week
(?) will She write this lesson next week?
5. (+) I shall go to Medan tomorrow
(-) I shall not go to Medan tomorrow
(?) Shall I go to Medan tomorrow?

B. FUNGSI SIMPLE FUTURE TENSES
a. digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang akan dilakukan.
Ex: (+) I shall go to Surakarta tomorrow
(-) I shall not go to Surakarta tomorrow
(?) Shall I go to Surakarta tomorrow?
b. Juga bisa digunakan untuk menyatakan syatu janji.
Ex: (+) I shall give you book tomorrow
(-) I shall not give you book tomorrow
(?) Shall I give you book tomorrow?
c. Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu janji,tapi dengan syarat:
Ex: (+) Your mother will give you a new car if you past your exams
(-) Your mother will not give you a new car if you past your exams
(?) Will your mother give you a new car if you past your exams?
d. Digunakan untuk menyantks\an meminta tolong kepada seseorang.
Ex: (+) you will help me lift this table
(-) You will not help me lift this table
(?) Will you help me lift this table?

C. TIME SIGNAL
1. Tomorrow
Ex: I shall work tomorrow
2. next week
Ex: I shall teach next week
3. Next Mounth
Ex: He will study in here next mounth

6.PAST FUTURE TENSES
*Rumus:
1. Positif (+): S+should/would+V1+O
2. Negatif (-): S+should/would+not+V1+O
3. Introgatif (?): Should/would+S+V1+O

*Example:
1. (+) I should go to Mojosari next day
    (-) I should not go to Mojosari next day
    (?) Should I go to Mojosari next day?
2. (+) He would by a car the day before
    (-) He would not by a car the day before
    (?) Would He by a car the day before?
3. (+) He would come if you invited him
    (-) He would not come if you invited him
    (?) Would he come if you invited him?
4. (+) You would give me this pen last Saturday
    (-) You would not give me this pen last Saturday
    (?) Would you give me this pen last Saturday?
5. (+) She would have breakfast before at seven
    (-) She would not have breakfast before at seven
    (?) Would she have breakfast before at seven?

B. FUNGSI PAST FUTURE TENSES
Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang akan dilakukan pada masa lampau.
Ex: (+) I should go to England last year
      (-) I should not go to England last year
      (?) Should I go to England last year?

C. TIME SIGNAL
1. Last year
Ex: He would go to Semarang last year
2. Last week
Ex: They would trip a Paris last week
3. Before
Ex: I should by a car the day before
4. Next day
Ex: She should go to Riau next day
5. Invited
Ex: They would come if you invited him

7.PRESENT PERFECT TENSES
*Rumus:
1. Posituf   (+) : S+have/has+V3+O
2. Negatif    (-) : S+have/has+not+V3+O
3. Introgatif (?): Have/has+S+V3+O

*Example:
1. (+) We have learned English for two years
    (-) We have not learned English for two years
    (?) Have we learned English for two years?
2. (+) She has taught English since 1988
    (-) She has not taught English since 1988
    (?) Has she taught English since 1988?
3. (+) He has been to Jakarta before
    (-) He has not been to Jakarta before
    (?) Has he been to Jakarta before?
4. (+) He has a written a letter for thirty minutes
    (-) He has not a written a letter for thirty minutes
    (?) Has he a written a letter for thirty minutes?
5. (+) I have just spoken to him
    (-) I have not just spoken to him
    (?) Have I just spoken to him?

B. FUNGSI PRESENT PERFECT TENSES
a. Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian di masa yang lampau tanpa menyebutkan waktu yang khusus (tertentu).
Ex: (+) I have gone to school
      (-) I have not gone to school
      (?) Have I gone to school?
b. Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan di masa lampau dan kegiatan masih berlangsung sampai saat ini.
Ex: (+) I have learned in the 2 Mei school since 2000
      (-) I have not learned in the 2 Mei school since 2000
      (?) Have I learned in the 2 Mei school since 2000?
c. Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang baru saja telah terjadi.
Ex: (+) I have just read my book
      (-) I have not just read my book
      (?) Have I just read my book?

C. TIME SIGNAL
1. Already
Ex: have had breakfast already
2. Three Times
Ex: I have been drink medicine three times a day
3. Finally
Ex: finally, He has started to finally

8.PAST PERFECT TENSES
*Rumus:
1. Positif    (+): S+had+V3+O
2. Negatif   (-): S+had not+V3+o
3. Intrigattif (?):Had+S+V3+O

*Example:
1. (+) The train had left before I arrived
    (-) The train had not left before I arrived
    (?) Had the train left before I arrived?
2. (+) I had copied the lesson before she come home
    (-) I had not copied the lesson before she come home
    (?) Had I copied the lesson before she come home?
3. (+) I had come home before I week three
    (-) I had not come home before I week three
    (?) Had I come home before I week three?
4. (+) I had written this lesson before he called me
    (-) I had not written a lesson before he called me
    (?) Had I written a lesson before he called me?
5. (+) When my brother arrived, I had painted my car
    (-) When my brother arrived, I had not painted my car
    (?) When my brother arrived, had I painted my car?

B. FUNGSI PAST PERFECT TENSES
a. Digunakan untuk menyatakan kejadian yang selesai sebelum kejadian lain terjadi dimasa lampau.
Ex: (+) I had come home before I when three
      (-) I had not come home before I when three
      (?) Had I come home before I when three?
b. Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang terjadi sebelum waktu tertentu dimasa yang lampau.
Ex: (+) By the end of the mounth, she had lived here
      (-) By the end of the mounth, she had not lived here
      (?) Had by the end of the mounth, she lived here?

C. TIME SIGNAL
1. On
Ex: On sunday morning, I painted my car
2. When
Ex: When my brother arrived, I had painted my car
3. Before
Ex: The train had left before I arrived
4. After
Ex: She told me her name after I had asked her twice

9.FUTURE CONTINOUS TENSES
*Rumus:
1. Positif    (+): S+shall/will+be+Ving+O
2. Negatif   (-): S+shall/will+not+be+Ving+O
3. Introgatif (?): Shall/will+S+be+ving+O

*Example:
1. (+) I shall be waiting for you in this station at four
    (-) I shall not be waiting for you in this station at four
    (?) Shall I be waiting for you in this station at four?
2. (+) I shall be studying at this time tomorrow
    (-) I shall not be studying at this time tomorrow
    (?) Shall I be studying at this time tomorrow?
3. (+) I shall be waiting for you in this airport at three o’clock tomorrow evening
    (-) I shall not be waiting for you in this airport at three o’clock tomorrow evening
    (?) Shall I be waiting for you in this airport at three o’clock tomorrow evening?
4. (+) He will be working at this time tomorrow
    (-) He will not be working at this time tomorrow
    (?) Will he be working at this time tomorrow?
5. (+) She will going to be school together at seven o’clcok tomorrow
    (-) She will not going to be school together at seven o’clock tomorrow
    (?) Will she going to be school together at seven o’clock tomorrow?

B.FUNGSI FUTURE CONTINOUS TENSES
a. Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu rencana, yang dilaksanakan mendatang.
Ex: (+) I will be going to Pantai Prambanan tomorrow
      (-) I will not going to Pantai Prambanan tomorrow
      (?) Will I going to Pantai Prambanan tomorrow?
b. Untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan akan dilakukan dengan waktu tertentu, pada masa mendatang.
Ex: (+) I shall be writing a letter at seven o’clock tomorrow
      (-) I shall not be writing a letter at seven o’clock tomorrow
      (?) Shall I be writing a letter at seven o’clock tomorrow?

C. TIME SIGNAL
1. At nine a o’clock tomorrow
Ex: I shall be working at nine a o’clock tomorrow morning
2. At this time next year
Ex: at this time next year, Peter will be traveling in Japan

10.PRESENT PERFECT CONTINOUS TENSES
*Rumus:
1. Positif   (+): S+have/has+been+Ving+O
2. Negatif  (-): S+have/has+not+been+Ving+O
3. Itrogatif (?): Have/has+S+been+Ving+O

*Example:
1. (+) I have been going to Pantai Samudra for my holiday since 2002
    (-) I have not going to Painting Samudra for my holiday since 2002
    (?) Have I going to Pantai Samudra for my holiday since 2002?
2. (+) Mr.Burhanudin Simanjuntak has been teaching at SMK 2 MEI since 2003
    (-) Mr.Burhanudin Simanjuntak has not been teaching at SMK 2 MEI since 2003
    (?) Has Mr.Burhanudin Simanjuntak been teaching at SMK 2 MEI since 2003?
3. (+) She has been painting every day for a long time
    (-) She has not painting every day for a long time
    (?) Has she painting every day or along time?
4. (+) It has been raining since at six o’clock
    (-) It has not been raining since at six o’clock
    (?) Has it been raining since at six o’clock?
5. (+) The girl has been crying since he was a child
    (-) The girl has not been crying since he was a child
    (?) Has the girl been crying since has was a child?
 
B. FUNGSI PRESENT PERFECT CONTINOUS TENSES
a. Digunakan untuk mnyatakan suatu perbuatan yang menjadi kebiasaan pada masa yang lampau, dan perbuatan itu masih berlangsung hingga saat ini.
Ex: (+) I have been going to my grandmother home for my holiday since 1990
      (-) I have not been going to my grandmother home for my holiday since 1990
      (?) Have I been going to my grandmother home for my holiday since 1990?
b. Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang telah terjadi dimasa lampau dan akan berlangsung sampiai sekarang.
Ex: (+) I have been studying here since 2000
      (-) I have not been studying here since 2000
      (?) Have I been studying here since 2000?

C. TIME SIGNAL
1. Since
Ex: We have been waiting for you since ne o’clock
2. For
Ex: She has been studying English for over five tears
3. This mounth
Ex: I have been studying at his place this mounth

11.PAST PERFECT CONTINOUS TENSES
*Rumus:
1. Positif    (+): S+had+been+vVng+O
2. Negatif    (-) :S+had+not+been+Ving+O
3. Introgatif (?): Had+s+been+ving+o

*Example:
1. (+) Dodi had been looking for the girl for a year before he applied her
    (-) Dodi had not been looking for the girl for a year before heapplied her
    (?) Had Dodi been looking for the girl for a year before he applied her?
2. (+) I had been playing a football when they came
    (-) I had not been playing a football when they came
    (?) Had I been playing a football when they came?
3. (+) She had been cooking a vegetable when he came
    (-) She had not been cooking a vegetable when he came
    (?) had she been cooking a vegetable when he came?
4. (+) When I came, his father had been leaving for six hours
    (-) When I came, his father had not been leaving for six hours
    (?) When I came, had his father been leaving for six hours?
5. (+) I had been waiting for you since at seven o’clock
    (-) I had not been waiting for you since at seven o’clock
    (?) Had I been waiting for you since at seven o’clock?

B. FUNGSI PASTPERFECT CONTINOUS TENSES
Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian yang berlangsung lama
sebelum kejadian yang lain di masa yang lampau juga.
Ex: (+) I had been looking for the Ichigo for two week before we meet
(-) I had not been looking for the Ichigo for two week before we meet
(?) Had I been looking for the Ichigo for two week before we meet?

C. TIME SIGNAL
1. When
Ex: I finished my dinner, Peter had been

12.FUTURE PERFECT TENSES
*Rumus:
1. Positif (+): S+will/shall+have+V3+O
2. negatif (-) : S+will/shall+not+have+V3+O
3. Introgatif (?): Will/shall+S+have+V3+O

*Example:
1. (+) She will have written his lesson by time he go out
    (-) She will not have written his lesson by time he go out
    (?) Will she have written his lesson by time he go out?
2. (+) The game will finished by the time he get three
    (-) The game will not finished by the time he get three
    (?) Will the game finished by the time he get three?
3. (+) I shall have written a letter by eight o’clock tomorrow
    (-) I shall not have written a letter by eight o’clock tomorrow
    (?) Shall I have written a letter by eight o’clock tomorrow?
4. (+) We shall have played a basketball when he came
    (-) We shall not have played a basketball when he came
    (?) Shall we have played a basketball when he came?
5. (+) When my uncle comes tomorrow, my grandmother will have left my house
    (-) When my uncle comes tomorrow, my grandmother will not have left my house
    (?) When my uncle comes tomorrow, will my grandmother have left my house?

B. FUNGSI FUTURE PERFECT TENSES
a. Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbutan yang akan selesai, Sebelum waktu yang lain dimasa mendatang.
Ex: (+) By next week he will have read this book
      (-) By next week he will not have read this book
      (?) Will by next week he have read trhis book?
b. Juga digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa akn selesai sebelum perbuatan lain, dimasa yang akan datang.
Ex: (+) When I comes, my uncle will have left my house
      (-) When I comes,my uncle will not have left my house
      (?) Will when I comes,my uncle have left my house?

C.TIME SIGNAL
1. By the end of
Ex: John will have done his work by the end of this week
2. By next
Ex: By next week he will have read this book

13.FUTURE PERFECT CONTINOUS TENSES
*Rumus:
1. Positif    (+): S+shall/will+have+been+Ving+O
2. Negatif    (-): S+shall+will+not+have+been+Ving+O
3. Introgatif (?):Shall/will+S+have+been+Ving+O

*Example:
1. (+) I shall have been writing a letter at this time tomorrow
    (-) I shall not have been writing a letter at this time tomorrow
    (?) Shall I have been writing a letter at this time tomorrow?
2. (+) By next fast day I shall have been teaching here six mounths
    (-) By next fast day I shall not have been teaching here six mounths
    (?) By next fast day shall I have been teaching here six mounths?
3. (+) Next moon Hevy will have been studying here for two years
    (-) Next moon Hevy will not have been studying here for two years
    (?) Next moon will Hevy have been studying here for two years?
4. (+) Next week Bu Yusni will have been teaching at SMK 2 MEI school for one years
    (-) Next week Bu Yusni will not have been teaching at SMK 2 MEI school for one year
    (?) Next week will Bu Yusni have been teaching at SMK 2 MEI school for one year?
5. (+) He will have been working in the office at this time tomorrow
    (-) He will not have been working in the office at this time tomorrow
    (?) Will he have been working in the office at this time tomorrow?

B. FUNGSI FUTURE PERFECT CONTINOUS TENSES
a. Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian yang sudah dikerakan pada masa yang lampau,dan masih berlangsung pada waktu tertentu dimasa yang akan datang.
Ex: By the end of this year we shall have been studying Jerman for five year

C. TIME SIGNAL
1. By the end of this year
Ex: by the end of this year we shall have been studying Jerman for four year
2. By the end of this month
Ex: By the end of this month, I shall have been working in this office for five years

14.FUTURE PAST CONTINOUS TENSES
*Rumus:
1. Positif    (+): S+should/would+be+Ving+O
2. Negatif    (-): S+should/would+not+be+V.ing+O
3. Introgatif (?): Should/would+S+be+V.ing+O

*Example:
1. (+) I should be finishing this home work at this time following week
    (-) I should not be finishing this home work at this time following week
    (?) Should I be finishing this home work at this time following week?
2. (+) We should be going to beach the following week
    (-) We should not be going to beach the following week
    (?) Should we be going to beach the following week?
3. (+) He would be flag ceremony at this time the following day
    (-) He would not be flag ceremony at this time the following day
    (?) Would he be flag ceremony at this time the following day?
4. (+) She would be finishing this job at this time following moon
    (-) She would not be finishing this job at this time following moon
    (?) Would she be finishing this job at this time following moon?
5. (+) They would be having examination at this time the following year
    (-) They would not be having examination at this time the following year
    (?) Would they be having examination at this time the following year?

B. FUNGSI FUTURE PAST CONTINOUS TENSES
Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian yang akan sedang dilakukan pada masa yang lampau.
Ex: I should be taking an examination at this time the following day

C. TIME SIGNAL
Last week
Ex: At six o’clock last week, I should be buying in this supermarket

15.FUTURE PAST PERFECT TENSES
*Rumus:
1. Positif    (+): S+should/would+have+V2+O
2. Negatif    (-): S+should/would+not+have+V2+O
3. Introgatif (?): Should/would+S+not+have+V2+O

*Example:
1. (+) I should have paif if I had come here
    (-) I should not have paif if I had come here
    (?) Should I have paif if I had come here?
2. (+) He would have sucses if he had worked here
    (-) He would not have sucses if he had worked here
    (?) Would he have sucses if he had worked here?
3. (+) She would have graduated if she had studied hard
    (-) She would not have graduated if she had studied hard
    (?) Would she have graduated if she had studied hard?
4. (+) I hoped that you would have married before you worked here
    (-) I hoped not that you would have married before you worked here
    (?) Would I hoped that you have married before you worked here?
5. (+) I hoped that you would have paif before you come here
    (-) I hoped not that you would have paif before you come here
    (?) Would I hoped that you have paif before you come hare?

B. FUNGSI FUTURE PAST PERFECT TENSES
Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu pengandaian yang tidak mungkin terjadi karena syarat yang tidak terpenuhi, namun hanya sebagai bayangan saja.
Ex: (+) He would have graduated if he had studied hard
      (-) He would not have graduated if he had studied hard
      (?) Would he have graduated if he had studied hard?

C. TIME SIGNAL
1. If he had studied hard
Ex: They would have graduated if they had studied hard

16.FUTURE PAST PERFECT CONTINOUS TENSES
*Rumus:
1. Positif     (+): S+should/would+have+been+V.ing+O
2. Negatif     (-): S+should/would+not+have+been+V.ing+O
3. Inttrogatif (?): Should/would+S+have+been+V.ing+O

*Example:
1. (+) By last Febuary I should have been working this restaurant for one year
    (-) By last Febuary I should not have been working this restaurant for one year
    (?) should by last Febuary I have been working this restaurant for one year?
2. (+) By last July we should have been studying this school for three years
    (-) By last July we should not have been studying this school for three year
    (?) Should by last July we have been studying this school for three years?
3. (+) By last fast day he would have been living this apartement for five years
    (-) By last fast day he would not have been living this apartement for five years
    (?) Would by last fast day he have been living this apartement for five years?
4. (+) She would have been teaching English for one years by last Friday
    (-) She would not have been teaching English for one years by last Friday
    (?) Would she have been teaching English for one years by last Friday?
5. (+) The magazine would have been red by Anis
    (-) The magazine would not have been red by Anis
    (?) Would the magazine have been red by Anis?

B. FUNGSI FUTURE PAST PERFECT TENSES
Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian yang sudah sedang berlangsung pada waktu yang lampau.
Ex: (+) By last lebaran I should have been working in that office for five years
      (-) By last  lebaran I should not have been working in that office for five years
      (?) Should by last  lebaran I have been working in that office for five years?

C. TIME SIGNAL
1. By the end of this week
Ex: By the ed of this week, I should have come here
2. By the end of this mounth
Ex: By the end of this mounth, He would have graduated studied

 

Nurse-Physician Collaboration

To achieve effective service the nurses, physician and healthcare team should collaborate with each other. No one group can claim more power over others. Each profession has different character so that when combined can be a force for achieving the desired goals.

Nurse Physician Workplace Collaboration
With good communication and respect for other professions in shared decision-making (in collaboration) in the group it will create a good work team so committed to providing a comprehensive service can be created. Opinion between physician and nurses need to be a standard domain with (physician-nurse) standard.
There are significant differences in the collaboration between groups of patients with severe, moderate, and independent. Practice negotiating collaboration on many stages in patients partially dependent (being) because of the patient's full dependence (severe) physicians only give direction and decisions without consulting nurse.

Of the need for education and socialization practices of collaboration among work teams managed care health or health professions ranging from education situation. For hospitals need to improve the quality of nursing care health. An increase in nurse education and good communication between team and patient to work, and to improve the practice of collaboration needs to be a shared commitment between leaders (structural) and functional (health professions), where the principal can adopt managed care and socializing and can be applied to services.

How to Teach 1st Grade

Teaching 1^st grade will be different by teaching high school students. Required certain techniques so that the child can absorb lessons more fun considering the psychological child is still in the early learning stages.

The voice sounded clear enough by children, intonation, etc. are things that are very important to be possessed by the teacher. For early elementary grades, they are still considered early childhood, before providing early childhood learning, as teachers need to recognize the characteristics of elementary school age children first. Do not forget to always give something new and varied for them. No need expensive, objects in the environment can be the object of exploration for children.

The period is also very short of their concentration. Thus, teachers must have a second plan, and even third, fourth plan needs to be prepared for them so they do not saturate. Keep in mind that early childhood is a period play. Thus, the instruction given to them should be based on the principles of play (fun, children can explore, gain a lot of experience).

Children are not miniature adults but they have the characteristics and uniqueness of each. So, do not equate them with the high school kids that are easier on the set and was able to concentrate for a long time.

Self-Confidence

Self-confidence is one aspect of personality that is very important in human life. Self confident people are confident about their own abilities and have realistic expectations, even when their expectations are not realized; they stayed positive and can take it.

Definition
Self-confidence is a mental or psychological condition of a person who gives a strong confidence in him to do or perform any act. People who do not believe in themselves have a negative self-concept, lack of confidence in his ability, because it is often kept to them. Self confidence is a mental or psychological condition, which individuals can evaluate the entirety of her strong belief in giving him the ability to take action in achieving various goals in life.
People who have good self-confidence, they have positive feelings toward themselves, have strong beliefs on him and had accurate knowledge of the capabilities. People who have good self-confidence are not the only person who feels capable of (but not really afford) but is a person who knows that he can be caused by experience and calculation that he did.
Synonyms:  aplomb, inner strength, positive self-image, self-assurance

Personality traits of people with low self-confidence
When this is linked to the practice of everyday life, people who have low self-confidence or have lost confidence, tend to feel / be as below:
• Do not have anything (desires, goals, targets) which fought energetically
• Do not have a decision to step decisive
• Easily frustrated or give up when faced with a problem or difficulty
• Less motivated to go forward, laziness or half and half
• Often fails to accomplish its tasks or responsibilities
• Awkward in dealing with people
• Can not demonstrate the ability to speak and the ability to listen to a convincing
• Often have unrealistic expectations
• Too perfectionist
• Too sensitive

Help: low self-confindence
Counselling,  life coaching, and hypnotherapy are common therapies used to help improve self-confidence.